The waterproof rating on an action camera is one of the most misunderstood specifications in consumer electronics. Here is the breakdown:

IP ratings (with housing):

- Most action cameras claim IPX8 or equivalent with their included waterproof housing

- A typical rating means the camera can be submerged to a specified depth (often 30–45 meters) for a specified time

- The rating applies only when the housing is properly sealed — meaning the latch is fully closed, the rubber gasket is clean and undamaged, and no foreign material (sand, hair) is on the seal

Without housing:

- Some action cameras are waterproof to a limited depth without any housing — typically 5–10 meters

- This is achieved through internal gaskets, sealed buttons, and port covers

- This is convenient for rain, splashes, and brief submersion, but not for serious diving

Critical maintenance:

- Rinse the housing with fresh water after saltwater use

- Inspect the rubber seal before every water session — a single grain of sand can cause a leak

- Replace the seal if it shows wear, cracking, or permanent compression

- Test the empty housing (without the camera) in a sink or bucket before relying on it for a dive trip

One thing no manual tells you: The waterproof rating degrades over time. A housing that was fine at 30 meters last year may leak at 10 meters this year. Treat depth ratings as generous estimates, not guarantees.